Obsah/Content: ZLV 2/2022
ZLV, 67, 2022, Issue 2: Obsah/Content: ZLV 2/2022
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ZLV online
Prosvětlování lesů jako návrat k tradičnímu výmladkovému hospodaření podporuje diverzitu epigeických druhů pavouků
ZLV, 67, 2022, Issue 2Pavla Vymazalová, Ondřej Košulič, Tomáš Hamřík, Jan Šipoš, Radim Hédl: Prosvětlování lesů jako návrat k tradičnímu výmladkovému hospodaření podporuje diverzitu epigeických druhů pavouků
[Canopy thinning as a return to the traditional coppicing supports the diversity of ground-dwelling spiders] 81-90
[Canopy thinning as a return to the traditional coppicing supports the diversity of ground-dwelling spiders] 81-90
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of selective logging on species richness, composition, and conservation value of epigeic spider community. We studied an initial stage of abandoned coppice restoration in the Děvín National Nature Reserve (Czech Republic). We sampled experimental plots in forest stands with three canopy thinning intensities: strong, moderate, and nonintervention as a control. Altogether, we collected 3,683 adult spiders representing 21 families, 70 genera, and 116 species including 23 red-listed and threatened species. The species richness and degree of rareness significantly increased with the intensity of canopy thinning. Ordination analyses showed that species of conservation concern inclined towards plots with strong canopy thinning. However, some conservation-valuable species tended to be associated with non-intervention plots. Our results suggest that the best silviculture practice for spider diversity conservation is a combination of various thinning intensities on a small scale. Such management would support high species richness with the presence of rare and threatened species. Accordingly, we argue that using selective logging and a partial return to traditional coppicing management can be an appropriate strategy for biodiversity conservation in lowland woodlands.
Vliv prvních výchovných zásahů na růst přípravného porostu břízy
ZLV, 67, 2022, Issue 2David Dušek, Jiří Novák, Dušan Kacálek: Vliv prvních výchovných zásahů na růst přípravného porostu břízy
[Impact of first thinning on a pioneer birch stand growth] 91-98
[Impact of first thinning on a pioneer birch stand growth] 91-98
Abstract
Monospecific stands of spruce and pine have manifested health worsening over the last two decades in the Czech Republic. Given the ongoing climate changes, one can expect a further loss of these coniferous forest stands in near future. Therefore foresters are interested in the use of pioneer species to restore a woody-species cover within large clearings. The most promising pioneer is silver birch that can perform well at many sites. The study deals with thinning of naturally-regenerated birch stand following a salvage clear-cutting of spruce. Three thinning treatments such as no thinning (K), 1,100 trees left on site (Z3), and 400 crop trees released from competitors with all others left on site (Z5) were established in the 16-year-old stand. The experiment was measured 4 years after thinning. Both thinned treatments affected the diameter increment of the released trees positively. Slenderness ratio responded significantly to Z3 thinning, and insignificantly it is very likely to have a similar effect at Z5 treatment though. The live crown length was also significantly affected at Z3 whereas at Z5 was observed only a minor effect, which was attributable to completion with a part of understory left on site. Early response to thinning highlights the importance of a density reduction for stabilization and vigour of birch stands.
Vliv polohy místa odběru vzorku v rámci stromu na koncentrace živin v jehličí, kůře a dřevě kmene jehličnanů
ZLV, 67, 2022, Issue 2Ondřej Špulák: Vliv polohy místa odběru vzorku v rámci stromu na koncentrace živin v jehličí, kůře a dřevě kmene jehličnanů
[Change of the nutrient concentrations in needles, stem bark and stem wood of conifers depending on the sampling position within the tree] 99-109
[Change of the nutrient concentrations in needles, stem bark and stem wood of conifers depending on the sampling position within the tree] 99-109
Abstract
Analyses of nutrient content and nutrient pools in trees and forest stand are important for monitoring and evaluation of nutrients cycling and its changes, for verification of long-term sustainability of forest management methods etc. The analyses are mostly based on samples of tree compartments (needles, leaves, branch and stem wood etc.) taken from sample trees. Nutrient concentrations in a tree compartment can vary according to the position where the sample was taken. The article aims to evaluate nutrient concentrations variability and impact of sampling position on the tree. One-year-old needles (blue spruce) and stem wood and bark (Norway spruce and Scotch pine) were analysed in detail. There was found a significantly negative correlation of whorl position in spruce crown and Ca and Mg concentrations in needles. The most representative concentrations to compute total nutrient pools in one-year-old needles of young stands can be expected in samples from the middle part of the live crown. Stem wood and bark of Norway spruce showed positive correlations of macronutrient concentrations and height above ground with exception of Ca, which was negative. In pine, the correlations were positive with exception of P in stem wood. Most accurate estimation of the mean nutrient concentrations of stem wood and bark of conifers should be based on samples originated in the end of the first third of stem height.
Analýza seznamu zvláště chráněných druhů rostlin České republiky ve vztahu k lesům a lesnictví
ZLV, 67, 2022, Issue 2Petr Kjučukov, Petr Karlík, Jeňýk Hofmeister: Analýza seznamu zvláště chráněných druhů rostlin České republiky ve vztahu k lesům a lesnictví
[Analysis of Czech protected plant species in relation to forests and forestry] 110-121
[Analysis of Czech protected plant species in relation to forests and forestry] 110-121
Abstract
In order to contribute to the optimization of forest management in the interest of biodiversity protection, we performed an analysis of the list of plant species specially protected by Czech legislation. The main goal of the study was to evaluate the importance of the forest for protected plant species, assess their environmental requirements, compare forest and non-forest species in the examined parameters and define the main needs of forest-related taxa in relation to forest management. The values of the analyzed variables were extracted mainly from the database of the Czech flora PLADIAS. The study showed that forest ecosystems are an important type of environment for specially protected plant species, although there are about twice as many non-forest protected species. Protected forest species are generally more common than non-forest species, they belong to lower categories of protection, and are less demanding on moisture and more demanding on nutrients (i.e. they are less oligotrophic) compared to ecological requirements of non-forest protected species. However, they are also sensitive to the eutrophication of the environment, which threatens especially during intensive management or overpreservation. Forest taxa are logically more shade-tolerant than non-forest taxa, but they show considerable variability in their shade tolerance. Most (almost 77%) forest protected plant species show a link to the forest environment without a closed tree layer. Protected plant species in the Czech Republic (forest and non-forest) are more associated with the lowlands (thermophytic), but for non-forest species, a group of species associated with the alpine stage is also apparent. The findings show the need for management to strive for greater diversity and variability of the forest environment, especially in terms of variability of light conditions, the existence of open forests and finer transitions between forest and open land, primarily in the lowlands. It is therefore appropriate to pay more attention to lowland forests, even from the perspective of territorial nature protection. Forest management should avoid intensive interventions in forest ecosystems (unnatural wood composition, clear-cutting with subsequent planting of dense stands etc.). The analysis of the frequency of occurrence of protected species, as well as their endangered categories according to the Red List, showed the continuing relevance of the current list of specially protected species because protected species are indeed mostly endangered and rare. It is appropriate to supplement the list rather than revise it completely.
Douglaska využívá vodu z hlubší vrstvy půdy než smrk
ZLV, 67, 2022, Issue 2František Šach, Vladimír Černohous, Jan Bartoš: Douglaska využívá vodu z hlubší vrstvy půdy než smrk
[Douglas-fir uses water from deeper soil layer than Norway spruce] 122-129
[Douglas-fir uses water from deeper soil layer than Norway spruce] 122-129
Abstract
At similar site conditions, effects of two young stands on the topsoil water regime was investigated below Douglas-fir (DF) with European beech (EB) understory and below Norway spruce (NS) stand mixed with European larch (EL) and Scots pine (SP). During 2013–2019 water years the topsoil water volumetric contents (%), the topsoil water volumetric content decrements (in percent points) and the same element (in millimetres of a water column) were studied. Higher topsoil moisture values were indicated below the NS than below the DF. During dormant periods, the greater water quantity percolated below the NS than below the DF (264 mm vs. 110 mm). During growing season, the NS stand consumed more water mainly for evapotranspiration (284 mm) than the DF stand (198 mm). This should be attributable to different water regimes of both tree species and also to south-facing aspect of a steep slope in the NS stand versus northwest-facing aspect of moderate slope in the DF stand.
Imisie fluórového typu z hlinikárne ako významný stresor pre mykobiotu
ZLV, 67, 2022, Issue 2Ivan Mihál, Milan Barna: Imisie fluórového typu z hlinikárne ako významný stresor pre mykobiotu
[Fluorine-type immissions from the aluminium plant as a significant stressor for mycobiota] 130-138
[Fluorine-type immissions from the aluminium plant as a significant stressor for mycobiota] 130-138
Abstract
We examined the ectomycorrhizal (ECM) mycobiota at three localities that have different distances from the aluminium plant (locality L2: 2 km away, L7: 7 km away and L18: 18 km away). The trend of a strong negative impact of air pollution on ECM mycobiota has been confirmed in submontane beech stands in the vicinity of the aluminium plant in the locality L2, during 30 years of mycological research. Compared to relatively air pollution-cleared beech stands at the locality L18, at the locality L2 there has been observed low species diversity of ECM macromycetes – (6 to 14 species compared to 18 to 33 species) low values of fruitbodies biomass (1.84 to 5.13 versus 15.95 to 115.82 kg.ha-1 fresh weight of fruitbodies) and low values of mycorrhizal potential (0.42 to 0.74 versus 1.45 to 1.97). We found a significant dependence (P = 0.0009) from the results of the Spearman correlation (R = 0.8293) between the distance from the emission source and the abundance values of ECM fruiting bodies. The negative influence of the aluminium plant on the share of ECM species was also confirmed by Bayesian analysis of the sequences of clones from the soil template nrDNA (decrease from 75% and 72% to 45% in L2). From selected ECM species it is possible to mention fungi that were dominant in research localities, e.g. Hygrophorus eburneus, Lactarius blennius, L. piperatus, Russula cyanoxantha, Xerocomellus chrysenteron. Significant parasites, e.g. Ilyonectria radicicola, Neonectria ditissima and Trichoderma viride were determined from soil monoliths at the locality L2 using molecular genetic methods. It can be concluded that this state of mycobiota in the research sites will not change in the coming years, as long as the residual air pollution in the soil will be a strong stressor for the mycobiota of these forest stands.
Odběr vzorků lesních půd podle fixních hloubek – odchylky hodnot chemických vlastností při přepočtu z různých půdních vrstev
ZLV, 67, 2022, Issue 2Vít Šrámek, Věra Fadrhonsová: Odběr vzorků lesních půd podle fixních hloubek – odchylky hodnot chemických vlastností při přepočtu z různých půdních vrstev
[Soil sampling according to fixed depth intervals – differences of values of chemical properties when they are calculated using different soil layers] 139-150
[Soil sampling according to fixed depth intervals – differences of values of chemical properties when they are calculated using different soil layers] 139-150
Abstract
Forest soils can be sampled according to the genetic soil horizons, but in many soil surveys and inventories sampling according the fixed depth intervals is used, which simplifies sampling harmonization as well as statistical evaluation of soil properties. Within the ICP Forests programme the mandatory layers for mineral soil sampling are 0–10 cm, 10–20 cm, 20–40 cm, and 40–80 cm. On the other hand, in some cases – e.g. soil C reporting, the layer of 0–30 cm and 30–100 cm depths are suggested. On the base of more than 100 soil pits sampled by 10 cm depth we try to compare calculated (from 10 cm layer sampling) and estimated (from mandatory ICP Forests layer sampling) soil parameters for the soil depths of 0–30 cm (M03), 30–80 cm (M38) and 30–100 cm (M310). According to the result of Wilcoxon pair test, estimated and calculated values differ for all studied layers except for few individual elements. For practical use, however, calculated and estimated pH values are commutable for M03 and M38 layer as both the relative and absolute differences are negligible. For most soil parameters in these layers the estimated values can be used for evaluation of larger soil survey because the differences in median value are rather small. Caution, however, should be taken when using the estimated values for individual soil pit, where the difference can be substantial. For M310 layers we do not recommend use of estimated soil parameter values because the original data (20–40 cm and 40–80 cm) do not cover the whole soil depth evaluated. This procedure can be tricky especially in cases when the information about the presence of mineral soil below 80 cm depth and its properties (as stoniness) is missing.
První výsledky z monitoringu poškozených lesních porostů nedestruktivní metodou
ZLV, 67, 2022, Issue 2Pavel Tóth, Marie Zahradníková, Petr Zahradník: První výsledky z monitoringu poškozených lesních porostů nedestruktivní metodou
[First results from monitoring of damaged forest stands using a non-destructive method] 151-154
[First results from monitoring of damaged forest stands using a non-destructive method] 151-154
Abstract
In this article we present results of a pilot study focused on the relationship between heartrot in spruce stems caused by Armillaria ostoye and the invasion of Ips typographus. We used an acoustic tomograph taking in the consideration the fact that it has not been employed so far in the Czech Republic for a study like that. Spruce stands not exceeding age of 30 years, which had been weakened by long-term drought period were measured. The fungal mycelium of the pathogen was observed in 6.4% of the trees investigated. More than 60% of trees showed no signs of cambioxylophagous insects attack. A relationship between mycelium intergrowth and occurrence of hollows inside the measured trees was confirmed. Weak relationship between the insects and occurrence of hollows was found in these age-structure spruces.
Obsah/Content: ZLV 1/2022
ZLV, 67, 2022, Issue 1: Obsah/Content: ZLV 1/2022
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